Objective: To establish a methodology for recording corticobulbar motor evoked potentials (CoMEPs) from vocal muscles after transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and direct cortical stimulation (DCS). Methods: Twenty-four patients were included in this study (22 for TES, 2 for DCS, 3 for TES plus DCS) that underwent different surgical procedures. We used two methods to elicit

The risk of iatrogenic damage is very high in surgical interventions in or around the brainstem. However, surgical techniques and intraoperative neuromonitoring (ION) have evolved sufficiently to increase the likelihood of successful functional outcomes in many patients. We present a critical review of the methodologies available for intraoperative monitoring and mapping of the